Starting a business in Texas? Forming an LLC is a smart and practical option, and AAAFiling is here to make the whole process easy and affordable. We’re all about getting you up and running without the extra stress or cost.
Why Form an LLC in Texas?
Texas is a great spot for launching your business, and setting up an LLC brings some real perks:
Protect Your Personal Assets: An LLC keeps your personal stuff—like your house or savings—separate from your business debts and liabilities.
Tax Perks: With pass-through taxation, your business profits are only taxed once on your personal income.
Credibility: Running your business as an LLC can make you look more legit to customers and potential partners.
Flexibility: Whether you’re hands-on or want to bring in others to manage the business, an LLC gives you options.
How We Help You Setu Up An LLC
We make it really easy. All you really have to do is go to our website, click the Get Started tab and follow the instructions
How AAAFiling Helps You Set Up an LLC
At AAAFiling, we focus on making the LLC setup quick, easy, and affordable. Here’s how we do it:
1. Clear Pricing
No hidden fees here. We are probably the ONLY company out there that gives up front pricing. No suprises at checkout.
2. Simple Online Process
All you need to do is input your info to our website and we do the rest. Too easy!
3. We’ve Got Your Back
We have amazing customer support. Call or email anytime!
How to Get Started
Getting started with AAAFiling is super easy:
Head to Our Website: Go to www.aaafiling.com and find the Texas LLC section.
Pick Your Plan: Choose a package that suits your needs and budget.
Submit Your Business Info: Use our online form to fill in your business details.
We Handle the Rest: We take care of the filing and paperwork.
Receive Your Documents: Once approved, we’ll send over all your official paperwork.
Why AAAFiling?
Affordable: We keep costs low, so you don’t have to worry about spending too much to get started.
Hassle-Free: We manage the whole process so you can focus on growing your business.
Peace of Mind: With our help, everything will be set up correctly from the start.
If you’re looking for an easy and budget-friendly way to form an LLC in Texas, AAAFiling has got you covered. Check out www.aaafiling.com and see how we can help you get started without all the hassle. Let us handle the details while you focus on making your business dreams a reality!
Starting a Texas LLC doesn’t have to break the bank. With a do-it-yourself (DIY) approach and awareness of the required fees, you can form your limited liability company at minimal cost. Texas has a straightforward formation process, and by leveraging state resources and a few smart strategies, you’ll pay only what’s necessary while avoiding unnecessary add-ons. Below, we outline the key steps to start an LLC in Texas cheaply, including state filing fees, DIY filing options, and cost-saving tips, all backed by up-to-date, reputable sources.
State Filing Fee: The primary cost to form an LLC in Texas is the state’s Certificate of Formation filing fee of $315 sos.state.tx.us
. This is a one-time fee paid to the Texas Secretary of State when you submit Form 205 (Certificate of Formation). If you file online via the state’s SOSDirect system and pay by credit card, note that a small 2.7% convenience fee will apply sos.state.tx.us (about $8 on a $300 filing). To avoid that charge, you can file by mail and pay with a check or money order to the Secretary of State, though this may take a bit longer for approval.
Name Reservation (Optional): Texas allows you to reserve an LLC name before filing, but it’s optional and costs $40 for a 120-day holdsos.texas.gov. Most budget-conscious entrepreneurs skip this step and simply search for an available name (for free) and then go straight to filing the LLC. Bypassing the reservation saves money, since you’ll secure your name automatically when the LLC is formed. Similarly, purchasing an assumed name (DBA) isn’t needed unless you plan to operate under a different name; that would cost an extra $25 if ever required sos.texas.gov.
Registered Agent: Every Texas LLC must designate a registered agent with a physical Texas address to receive official mail and service of process sos.state.tx.us. You can be your own registered agent (or use a willing friend/associate in Texas) at no cost, which is the most affordable route. Hiring a commercial registered agent service is optional; while it adds convenience, it typically costs $100–$200 per year, so doing it yourself or using someone you know can save that recurring expense.
No General Business License: Unlike some states, Texas does not require a general statewide business license gov.texas.gov for LLCs. That means you won’t pay a state license fee just to operate. Depending on your industry and location, you might need specific permits or local licenses, but many small businesses incur no licensing cost at the state level. Always check city/county requirements for any local fees, but there’s no blanket Texas business license fee to worry about.
Ongoing Taxes: Texas doesn’t impose a personal income tax or a corporate income tax on LLCs. Instead, LLCs are subject to the state franchise tax, which only kicks in above a certain revenue threshold. Most small LLCs owe no franchise tax – as of 2024, if your annual revenue is $2.47 million or less, you pay $0 in franchise tax comptroller.texas.gov. The state even removed the need for those small LLCs to file a “no tax due” report each year comptroller.texas.gov, though a simple informational report may be required. In short, once you’ve paid the $300 formation fee, Texas does not charge ongoing annual fees to keep a standard LLC active (you’ll just need to remain in good standing with any required tax filings, which cost nothing if you owe nothing).
Following these steps will help you start your Texas LLC cheaply and correctly. This DIY approach focuses on minimal required costs and smart choices to avoid extra fees:
Choose an Available Business Name: Pick a unique name for your LLC that complies with Texas naming rules (it must include an identifier like “LLC” or “Limited Liability Company”). Search the Texas Secretary of State’s records to ensure your desired name isn’t already taken. You can search online via SOSDirect (the state’s business database) and avoid paying for a name reservation unless you’re not ready to file – reserving costs $40, so skip it to save money sos.texas.gov. Once you’re ready to form the LLC, the name will be secured upon approval of your Certificate of Formation.
Appoint a Registered Agent (for Free): Designate a registered agent with a Texas address who will receive official notices for your LLC sos.state.tx.us. The cheapest solution is to serve as your own registered agent if you reside in Texas or use a trusted person (like a business partner or relative in the state). This way, you avoid paying a registered agent service. Just ensure the agent is available during business hours at the listed address. (Tip: The Secretary of State requires the agent to consent to the appointment, so if it’s yourself, you’ll simply indicate that in the form.) Using a free or self-agent saves you around $100+ per year compared to hiring a commercial agent.
File the Certificate of Formation: This is the core step where you officially create your LLC. Texas Form 205 (Certificate of Formation) can be filed online through SOSDirect or by mail to the Secretary of State. Fill in basic details about your LLC: name, registered agent, management structure, etc. If filing online, you’ll create an SOSDirect account and complete the form digitally; if by mail, you can download Form 205 and send the completed form. Standard processing is reasonably quick (often a few business days if filed online, or a bit longer by mail), so you don’t need to pay for expedited service unless you’re in a big rush. Texas does offer 1-2 day expedited processing for an extra $25 fee sos.texas.gov, but skipping this saves money – the regular processing time is usually sufficient for most new businesses.
Pay the $300 State Filing Fee: When you submit your Certificate of Formation, you must pay the Texas LLC filing fee of $300 to the state sos.state.tx.us. This fee is the same whether you file online or by mail. For the most affordable approach, consider how you pay: online payments by card will incur a 2.7% convenience fee (about $8.10) sos.state.tx.us. To avoid that small surcharge, you can mail in your form with a check for $300 (no card fee). Either way, $300 is the mandatory cost to officially form your LLC. Once filed, the state will process your paperwork and, upon approval, issue a Certificate of Formation (proof that your LLC legally exists). You’ll typically receive this certificate via email (for online filings) or mail. Congratulations – at this point your LLC is officially formed, and you’ve only spent the required amount.
Draft an Operating Agreement: An operating agreement is an internal document that outlines how your LLC will be run (ownership percentages, roles, rules, etc.). Texas law doesn’t require you to file an operating agreement with the state, so there’s no government fee for this step. However, it’s highly recommended to have one, especially if you have multiple members. The good news is you can do this at no cost. Many entrepreneurs draft their own operating agreement using free templates or guides available online, tailoring them to their needs. You might also use a low-cost legal template service or consult an attorney if you prefer, but from a budget standpoint, a DIY operating agreement will suffice for most simple businesses. Keeping this in-house saves money and still provides you with a useful document for managing your LLC and showing to banks or investors if needed.
Obtain an EIN from the IRS (Free): Most LLCs will need an Employer Identification Number (EIN) from the IRS, especially if you plan to hire employees, open a business bank account, or elect a specific tax status. Don’t pay anyone for an EIN – you can get one completely free on the IRS website in minutes irs.gov. The IRS online EIN application is a quick questionnaire, and at the end you’ll be issued your EIN immediately at no cost. Many third-party services charge $75 or more to “get an EIN for you,” but since it’s a simple process, doing it yourself saves that fee entirely irs.gov. Just visit the official IRS EIN application page and follow the steps; make sure to do it during IRS business hours (weekday hours) when the online application is available.
Handle Texas Tax and Business Compliance: With your LLC formed, you’ll need to keep up with a few ongoing responsibilities, but fortunately these don’t have to cost anything if done correctly. Texas Franchise Tax: As mentioned, most small LLCs owe no franchise tax due to high revenue thresholds (no tax if ≤ $2.47 million revenue) comptroller.texas.gov. If you do cross that threshold, you’d pay a percentage of revenue, but many new LLCs won’t need to pay this tax. Even the annual “No Tax Due” report requirement has been eliminated for small entities comptroller.texas.gov, simplifying compliance. Just be aware you may need to file a simple Public Information Report each year (no fee) to update ownership information comptroller.texas.gov. Permits and Licenses: Double-check if your type of business needs any specific permits or professional licenses in Texas or your locality. Texas has a useful Business Licenses & Permits Guide to identify any applicable fees or permits, but again, no general state license is required gov.texas.gov. Staying compliant by filing any required state tax reports and renewing any necessary permits on time will prevent fines – and timely DIY filings mean you avoid paying late penalties or third-party compliance services.
By following the above steps, you have formed your Texas LLC by spending only on the necessities (approximately $300 total in state fees, plus maybe postage). There are no hidden Texas fees beyond what we’ve covered – for instance, Texas does not require annual LLC renewal fees or an annual report fee like some states do. This makes maintaining your LLC quite affordable year to year.
If the DIY process feels overwhelming or you simply prefer professional assistance, you can still keep costs low by choosing an affordable LLC filing service. Be cautious here: many popular legal filing companies charge premium prices or try to upsell expensive packages. Instead, opt for a budget-friendly provider that charges only a small service fee on top of Texas’s state fee. For example, AAAFiling.com offers Texas LLC formation services for about $39 plus the state filing fee aaafiling.com. With such a service, you’d pay the required $300 state fee (often listed as $315 if the service files online to account for state processing fees) and a $39 preparation fee, totaling roughly $339–$354 in all. This option can save you money compared to high-cost competitors, while still handling the paperwork for you. When using a filing service, make sure all you’re paying is the state fee and the low service fee – avoid unnecessary add-ons you don’t truly need. In summary, if you do choose help, stick with an inexpensive, reputable service like AAAFiling to keep your startup costs almost as low as doing it yourself.
(Important: Whether you DIY or use a service, remember that no third-party can waive or reduce the Texas state fee – any formation will require paying the state’s $300. Services that advertise “cheap LLC” are usually referring to their own service fee on top of the state fee. Always look for transparency in pricing.)
Forming an LLC in Texas can be very affordable when you know which costs are required and how to avoid unnecessary expenses. By filing the paperwork yourself through the Texas Secretary of State and taking advantage of cost-saving strategies (like skipping optional fees and handling simple tasks on your own), you can start your LLC for around $300, which is just the state filing fee. Texas’s business-friendly policies — no general license fee, no annual report fee, and no franchise tax for most small LLCs — help keep ongoing costs low gov.texas.gov
Now, If you have ready this far down the page Looks like you have given some serious thought into getting your LLC together in Texas. Well done! its a great state with some good benefits and perks.
Quick and Convenient Online Filing
Texas has made it easier than ever to file for an LLC, thanks to its streamlined online system.
Since about 2015 Texas started allowing filing companies to set up accounts and file the documents electronically. It costs us a few dollars more but we are able to get the customer’s LLC filed weeks faster!
Fast Processing Options
For those who need things to move even quicker, Texas offers an expedited filing service. When our customers select this option we are able to get your LLC or corporation filed as soon as the next day!
Simple, Efficient Process
While timelines can vary depending on the workload of the Texas Secretary of State’s office and the complexity of your business, Texas is known for being fast and efficient when it comes to LLC formation. It really just depends on what time of year it is. Summer is usually the fastest.
Final Thoughts
Texas has lots of great perks. Fast filing, and no income tax. If you are in a hurry give us a call or select the expedited service option for your TX LLC and let us be the fastest and cheapest way to start your llc in Texas.
If you’re looking to get your LLC established quickly, Texas is an excellent place to do it. With an easy-to-use online system and options for expedited filing, you can have your business up and running in no time. Texas makes the process simple, efficient, and designed for entrepreneurs who are eager to get started.
If you are like most people, you are not made out of money. Most people have business ideas but thats where things start and end. With the idea. Main reason is it typically costs a fortune to open the business. Here is are the cheapest way to start an LLC in Texas!
Okay, looking to start the LLC and youre not rich… Thats fine, once you get over the Texas state filing fees it not that bad to get the business off the ground.
Online Filing
Because the Secretary of State in Texas allows for online LLC filing once you have an account you can bypass sending things through snail mail to save time. AAAFiling.com offers the lowest price to file your LLC in Texas by offering the lowest prices online
Be Prepared
To keep things running smoothly and avoid extra costs, it’s helpful to gather all the necessary information and documents ahead of time. Having a well-thought-out business plan and ensuring your business name is compliant with state rules will help you avoid costly revisions or delays.
Enjoy Low Ongoing Costs
Another advantage of forming an LLC in Texas is the lack of annual report fees. After your initial filing, maintaining your LLC is relatively low-cost compared to other states, making Texas a great choice for budget-conscious business owners.
Final Thoughts
The most affordable way to form an LLC in Texas is by taking advantage of the state’s online filing system, being well-prepared, and benefiting from the minimal ongoing costs. These strategies make it easier for entrepreneurs to turn their business ideas into reality without stretching their budget.
If you’re considering forming a Limited Liability Company (LLC) in Texas, you’ll find plenty of advantages, especially when it comes to taxes. Let’s break down some of the key reasons why an LLC is a smart choice for entrepreneurs in the Lone Star State.
An LLC, or Limited Liability Company, is a business structure that protects its owners (known as members) from personal liability. It combines features of both partnerships and corporations, offering flexibility in management and simplifying tax responsibilities.
One of the biggest tax perks of an LLC is pass-through taxation. This means that instead of the business itself paying federal income tax, the profits and losses pass through to the members’ personal tax returns. This avoids the double taxation that corporations often face, where income is taxed at both the corporate and personal levels.
Texas stands out for not having a state income tax, which means LLC members who live in Texas won’t owe state taxes on the income they earn from their business. This can result in significant savings compared to states that do have income taxes.
While Texas does have a franchise tax, many small LLCs are either exempt or pay reduced rates. As of 2024, LLCs with total revenue under $1.23 million don’t owe any franchise tax. Businesses with revenue between $1.23 million and $20 million may qualify for a lower tax rate through the E-Z Computation method, making it easier to keep more of your earnings.
Another benefit of an LLC is the flexibility in how it’s taxed. By default, a single-member LLC is taxed like a sole proprietorship, and a multi-member LLC is taxed like a partnership. However, you can choose to have your LLC taxed as a C-corporation or an S-corporation if it suits your financial strategy better. For example, choosing S-corp status can provide tax advantages, such as allowing members to receive dividends that are taxed at a lower rate.
Running an LLC also comes with the ability to deduct common business expenses. This includes things like office supplies, rent, utilities, and employee salaries. Keeping track of these costs can help lower your overall tax bill, making your business more profitable in the long run.
LLCs taxed as S-corporations offer another potential tax-saving strategy. Members can take a reasonable salary and pay self-employment tax on just that amount, while the rest of the profits are distributed as dividends, which aren’t subject to self-employment tax. This can lead to significant savings, especially for growing businesses.
Forming an LLC in Texas comes with numerous tax benefits that make it an appealing option for business owners. From avoiding double taxation to enjoying no state income tax and potential franchise tax exemptions, there are many ways to save. Additionally, the flexibility in tax treatment and opportunities to deduct business expenses further enhance the appeal. As always, it’s a good idea to consult a tax advisor or legal professional to make sure you’re making the best decisions for your business and staying compliant with all applicable laws.
We all know it is important to keep up with compliance when it comes to your business or really anything in life. Below is a guide to help you keep your Texas LLC online and good to go!
Steps to Form an LLC
Before getting into ongoing maintenance, let’s quickly cover the basics of forming an LLC in Texas:
Choose a Name: Your business name must be unique and meet Texas requirements.
File the Certificate of Formation: Form the TX LC online with AAAFiling.com.
Appoint a Registered Agent: Your LLC needs to have a registered agent with a physical address in Texas to receive legal documents.
Create an Operating Agreement: While not required, it’s a good idea to draft an operating agreement that outlines how your LLC will be run.
Ongoing Compliance Requirements
Okay, so now we are caught up and the LLC is up and running:
1. Franchise Tax and Annual Report
Texas requires LLCs to file both an annual report and a franchise tax form:
Franchise Tax: This tax is based on your LLC’s revenue. If your business makes less than $1.23 million in revenue (as of 2024), you won’t owe any tax but still need to file a “No Tax Due Report.”
Annual Report: Also called the Public Information Report, this document must be submitted each year. It basically just keeps the state updated on who the members/managers of the LLC are.
2. Registered Agent
Your LLC needs a registered agent. This is not new info because you needed one to file the LLC in the first place. You still need to re-tell the state who the registered agent is in the report.
3. Federal and State Tax Obligations
Your federal tax requirements depend on how your LLC is classified for tax purposes (sole proprietorship, partnership, S-corp, or C-corp). Additionally, you need to ensure compliance with any state taxes, such as sales tax if applicable. So, did the LLC make tons of money, like in the millions? If you there is probably a state tax burden. If not you probably don’t have to pay anything.
4. Business Licenses and Permits
Often times you can contact your city and county to determine if there are any special licensing required for your industry.
5. Employment Regulations
If your LLC has employees, there are additional requirements to follow:
Payroll Taxes: Make sure to withhold and pay both federal and state payroll taxes.
Workers’ Compensation: Depending on your business, workers’ comp insurance may be required.
Maintain Employment Records: Keep accurate payroll and employee records as required by law.
Best Practices for Maintaining Your LLC
1. Keep Accurate Records
Make sure to keep detailed records of financial transactions, contracts, and other important documents. This includes minutes from meetings, updates to your operating agreement, and major business decisions.
2. Keeping things separate
A good rule of thumb is to keep your business and personal expenses separate. Should be easy because you most likely by this point have a separate business bank account.
3. Update Your Operating Agreement
An operating agreement is pretty handy. If you have more than one officer it keeps everone in line with rules outlining spending and payouts and powers of officers. Plus the bank will probably want to see it before opening a bank account.
4. Stay Informed
Stay updated on changes in laws or regulations that could impact your business. You can subscribe to newsletters or join local business groups to keep yourself in the loop.
Final Thoughts
It’s good to keep your LLC in good standing. You spent all that money to get the LLC started so why let it get shut down for non-compliance right?
Texas is one of the best states to do business in. Not only is it easy to get any permits you need with light regulations but it is also has some of the best tax laws in the country! Below is a handy guide to a lot of the ins and outs of filing your Texas LLC.
The Cheapest way to file an LLC in Texas is by usining AAAFiling.com. Once you have decided to start the LLC process here is a good guide to go through the steps required to start an LLC.
Step 1: Choose a Name for Your LLC
First, you’ll need to pick a unique name for your business.
Check Availability: Make sure your chosen name isn’t already in use. You can check this on the Texas Secretary of State’s website.
Follow Naming Rules: Your LLC name must include “Limited Liability Company,” “LLC,” or “L.L.C.” It also can’t suggest it’s associated with a government agency.
Step 2: Designate a Registered Agent
You’ll need to assign someone or a service to act as your LLC’s registered agent, who will handle official documents.
Requirements: The agent must have a physical address in Texas and be available during regular business hours.
Choosing an Agent: You can be your own registered agent, appoint someone else, or hire a professional service to do it for you.
Step 3: File the Certificate of Formation
This is the official step that legally establishes your LLC in Texas.
Form 205: This form, known as the Certificate of Formation, can be submitted online or by mail through the Texas Secretary of State.
Information Required: You’ll need to provide details like your LLC’s name, the registered agent’s information, how the business will be managed (by members or managers), and the names of those involved.
Filing Fee: The current fee for this is $300.
Step 4: Draft an Operating Agreement
Though not required by law in Texas, it’s a good idea to have an operating agreement in place.
Purpose: This document outlines the structure and operational rules for your LLC, which can help avoid future disagreements among members.
What to Include: Details like ownership percentages, member roles, voting rights, and how profits will be divided.
Step 5: Obtain an EIN
An Employer Identification Number (EIN) is necessary for tax purposes.
How to Get It: You can apply for an EIN through the IRS, either online, by mail, or by fax.
Why You Need It: An EIN is used when opening a business bank account, hiring employees, and filing taxes.
Step 6: Apply for Any Required Licenses and Permits
Depending on your industry and location, you may need specific permits or licenses to operate legally.
Research: Check local, state, and federal requirements to see what’s needed for your business.
Apply: Make sure you submit applications and pay any fees for the required licenses or permits.
Step 7: File a Public Information Report and Pay Franchise Taxes
Texas LLCs must submit an annual report and pay franchise taxes.
Public Information Report: This document updates the state on your LLC’s key details, such as members’ and managers’ names and addresses.
Franchise Tax: Even if your business doesn’t owe any tax, you’ll still need to file a report each year. LLCs with revenue below a certain level may be exempt from paying taxes.
Step 8: Maintain Your LLC
Once your LLC is set up, you’ll need to keep up with a few ongoing responsibilities.
Annual Filings: Be sure to submit your Public Information Report and franchise tax return each year.
Keep Records Updated: Stay on top of your business records and update your operating agreement as needed.
Registered Agent: Ensure the information for your registered agent remains current.
Final Thoughts
Setting up an LLC in Texas involves several key steps, from choosing a name and filing paperwork to keeping up with annual requirements. By following this guide, you can navigate the process with ease and ensure your LLC is properly set up. It’s always a good idea to consult with a legal or business expert to ensure all specific requirements for your situation are met.
You really don’t need too much for us to file your new Texas LLC. We will need some general information like your address, phone number, the name of your new LLC. Things of that nature. Nothing too invasive!
The state of Texas has one of the faster filing times in the country. Typically we can get your Texas LLC filed and a copy in your email box within about a week. If you are in a hurry we can expedite the order and have it for you in about a day! Typical filing times are listed below:
Regular Filing Time: 4-5 Days
Expedited Filing Time: 1-2 Days
Of course filing times may vary. Certain times of the year may have shorter or longer wait times depending on how busy the Texas Secretary of State’s office is but it really never varies more than a few days. The busiest times when the wait time is the longest is generally between November and April. During that time period, you may have to wait a few extra days for your LLC to come back filed. However, the rest of the year will experience a shorter wait time
The state filing cost in Texas is the second-highest in the country. The LLC Filing fees alone are over $315 which includes the online convenience fees. That does sound high but when you consider the fact that you won’t have to pay corporate state taxes you still come out ahead.
If you would like us to file your Texas LLC for you, our pricing breakdown is as follows:
$315.00 – Texas State Filing Fees
$39.00 – AAAFiling.com Document Preparation Fee
$0.00 – USPS Shipping
$354.00 – Total Cost to File Your LLC in Texas
If you are still looking for more information about filing your LLC in Texas, you can always give us a call at 877.300.7147. We love answering question and since we have been filing LLCs and corporations since 2007 we are very knowledgeable.
If you would like to do a little more of your own research about your Texas LLC filing; you can even check out the Texas Secretary of State website by clicking the link below! Have fun!
AAAFiling.com is a document filing service which is not staffed by attorneys, and thus does not provide legal advice of any kind. Additionally, the information contained on this website is strictly for informational purposes and moreover is not intended to provide, substitute, supplement or serve any legal purpose. Additionally, should you require legal advice or if you are uncertain about any information contained on this site, please contact a licensed attorney. Finally, We thank you for considering AAAFiling.com for your filing needs.
AAAFiling.com is the legal document filing industry’s low price leader! Additionally, feel free to shop around! When you are ready to order or have a question for our highly experienced staff, give us a call. Furthermore, Our knowledgeable representatives will make ordering easy.
Moreover, Texas is a great state to do business in. However it does have the 2nd highest state filing fee in the country but it has lower taxes and less red tape as well. Thus is better than a lot of states out there.
Furthermore, Texas does not rip you off too badly when it comes to taxation. Additionally it is also easy to communicate with the secretary of state when you need to. Consequently, many people are able to keep up with their filing requirements because when they have a question they can always get ahold of someone at the state’s office.
Finally, We like filing new LLCs in Texas because we can make our customers happy that they got their business filed and in their hands super fast and as cheap as possible!